Software Development

You are given an integer N and you have to print the following pattern.

For N=5:

For N=6:

Given an adjacency list representation of a directed graph with ‘n’ vertices and ‘m’ edges. Your task is to return a list consisting of Breadth-First Traversal (BFS) starting from vertex 0.

In this traversal, one can move from vertex 'u' to vertex 'v' only if there is an edge from 'u' to 'v'. The BFS traversal should include all nodes directly or indirectly connected to vertex 0.

Note:

The traversal should proceed from left to right according to the input adjacency list.

Example:

Adjacency list: { {1,2,3},{4}, {5}, {},{},{}}

The interpretation of this adjacency list is as follows:
Vertex 0 has directed edges towards vertices 1, 2, and 3.
Vertex 1 has a directed edge towards vertex 4.
Vertex 2 has a directed edge towards vertex 5.
Vertices 3, 4, and 5 have no outgoing edges.

We can also see this in the diagram below.

BFS traversal: 0 1 2 3 4 5

Given a stack, sort the elements inside that stack in ascending order using only push and pop operation. You can use one additional stack only.

For eg.

Input Stack :  5 (top)
               4
               3
               2
               1
Output Stack : 1 (top)
               2
               3
               4
               5

You are given a number 'N' in the form of a string 'S', which is a palindrome. You need to find the greatest number strictly less than 'N' which is also a palindrome.

Note:

1. A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or another sequence of characters that reads the same backward as forward, such as madam, racecar, 1234321, etc.
2. The numerical value of the given string S will be greater than 0.
3. A single-digit number is also considered a palindrome.
4. The answer number should not contain any leading zeros, except for the case when the answer is 0.
5. Note that the length of the string is nothing but the number of digits in N.

You have been given a grid containing some oranges. Each cell of this grid has one of the three integers values:

Value 0 - representing an empty cell.

Value 1 - representing a fresh orange.

Value 2 - representing a rotten orange.

Every second, any fresh orange that is adjacent(4-directionally) to a rotten orange becomes rotten.

Your task is to find out the minimum time after which no cell has a fresh orange. If it's impossible to rot all the fresh oranges then print -1.

Note:

1. The grid has 0-based indexing.
2. A rotten orange can affect the adjacent oranges 4 directionally i.e. Up, Down, Left, Right.