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Computer Organization and Architecture
Last updated: Mar 14, 2022

Computer Organization and Architecture

On our system, we have used programming languages, browsers, various software, and many other things, but what happens behind all of this is still unknown. The amount of processing and various operations that must be performed in order to complete all tasks is enormous. This section of Computer Organization and Architecture will teach you everything you need to know.
Stack Smashing Detected MEDIUM
In this article, we are going to discuss the stack smashing detected error. We will also see how to fix stack smashing detected problem.
Author Riya Singh
0 upvotes

Introduction

Beginning with the most fundamental, how computers came into existence, the first computers built, and their evolution over time. In this section, you'll also learn about computer architecture units and machine language.
Evolution of Computer EASY
Evolution of Computers generations 1. First Generation – Vacuum Tubes 2. Second Generation: Transistors 3. Third generation: Integrated Circuits
Author Sinki Kumari
0 upvotes
Difference Between Computer Organization and Architecture MEDIUM
Explore the fundamentals and differences between computer organization and architecture. Learn how computers function at their core with comprehensive resources.
Author devika varshney
1 upvote
Major Features of Computer EASY
In this blog, we will learn about the features of computer along with some frequently asked questions on the same.
Author Nilesh Kumar
0 upvotes
8085 Microprocessor Architecture MEDIUM
8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor. It operates 8-bit at a time. The 8085 microprocessor was created using the N-MOS technology.
Author Kartik023
0 upvotes
Classification of computers
In this article, we will be discussing the classification of computers. We will look into detail for each of the categories in the classification of computers.
Author Aditya kumar
0 upvotes
Units of Digital System
In this article, we will learn about the functional units of a digital system.
Author Oblivion_007
0 upvotes
Difference Between Machine Language and Assembly Language EASY
Machine language is a low-level programming language represented by 0s and 1s, whereas assembly language is more than low-level and less than high-level language.
Author Apoorv Dixit
1 upvote
Amdahl's Law in Computer Architecture MEDIUM
This blog will help you to clear your understanding of Amdahl's Law in Computer Architecture and its formula as well as its derivation.
Author Musical Matrix
0 upvotes
What is Booth's Algorithm in Computer Architecture? EASY
In this article we will learn what is booth multiplication algorithm and its working in Computer architechture.
Author Adya_Tiwari
0 upvotes
Restoring Division Algorithm in Computer Architecture MEDIUM
The restoring division algorithm is a method used for binary division in computer architecture. It involves repeatedly subtracting the divisor from the dividend and restoring the partial remainder if the result is negative.
Author Prakriti Gupta
0 upvotes
Difference Between SRAM and DRAM EASY
You will find a thorough explanation of the concepts of SRAM and DRAM in this article, along with information on how they differ and are used.
Author Aayoushee ahlawat
1 upvote

Digital Logic Circuits

We've been learning about logic gates, which perform simple operations like addition, inversion, subtraction, multiplying, and dividing; these are the building blocks for any circuit, particularly computer architectures. In this section, we will learn about its implementation, various GATES, their combinations, and the circuits that can be built with them.
Logic Gates
In this article, we will discuss different types of Logic Gates.
Author Vibhor_376
1 upvote
Difference between JFET and MOSFET
In this blog, we will learn about JFET and MOSFET transistors and then we will move on to look at the difference between JFET and MOSFET.
Author Avni Gupta
1 upvote
Encoder in Digital Electronics EASY
Digital Electronics, a field focusing on electrical circuits designed to process and manage digital signals, primarily operates on binary logic, using '0' and '1' to represent these signals.
Author Akanksha Burnwal
0 upvotes
Decoder in Digital Electronics EASY
A Decoder in Digital Electronics is an important device used to convert binary code into a set of signals. It’s used to convert binary signals to octal code.
Author Sanjana kumari
0 upvotes
Difference Between Latch and Flip Flop EASY
This article provides an overview of the differences between two types of digital circuits, latches and flip-flops, and explains their use in digital systems.
Author Aayoushee ahlawat
2 upvotes
XOR Gate MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about XOR Gate. We will understand its symbol, truth table, and much more for better understanding.
Author Ravi Khorwal
0 upvotes
What is Flip Flop? MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about What is Flip Flop. We will learn about truth tables, symbols and much more for better understanding.
Author Sinki Kumari
0 upvotes
Half Adder in Digital Logic
This article will cover Half Adder in Digital Logic, it’s operation, truth table, k-maps and frequently asked questions of half adder in digital logic.
Author Shiva
0 upvotes
Carry Look Ahead Adder EASY
In this blog, we will learn about What is Carry Look Ahead Adder. We will learn about truth tables, symbols and much more for better understanding.
Author Riya Singh
0 upvotes
Universal Gates EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Universal Gates. We will learn about truth tables, symbols, and much more for better understanding.
Author Rahul Singh
0 upvotes
NAND Gate EASY
In this blog, we will learn about NAND Date. We will learn about truth tables, symbols and much more for better understanding.
Author Rinki Deka
0 upvotes
Full Adder in Digital Logic MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about What is Full Adder in Digital Logic. We will learn about truth tables, symbols and much more for better understanding.
Author Ravi Khorwal
0 upvotes
Combinational and Sequential Circuits EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Combinational and Sequential Circuits. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Gaurav Gandhi
0 upvotes
Full Adder Circuit MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about Full Adder Circuit. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Rinki Deka
0 upvotes
Half Subtractor EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Half Subtractor. We will learn about truth tables, symbols, and much more for better understanding.
Author Pallavi singh
0 upvotes
Johnson Counter EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Johnson Counter. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Gaurav Gandhi
0 upvotes
Boolean Algebra
This blog will discuss Boolean Algebra-Function and its complement, Truth Table, Logic Diagram, Expressions, and Laws.
Author Saloni Singhal
0 upvotes
Ring Counter EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Ring Counter. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Pallavi singh
0 upvotes
XNOR Gate EASY
In this blog, we will learn about XNOR Gate. We will learn about truth tables, symbols and much more for better understanding.
Author Gaurav Gandhi
0 upvotes
Difference between Programmable Logic Array and Programming Array Logic
In this blog, we will discuss the difference between pla and pal thus concluding which one would be a better choice for your project.
Author Gaurav Gandhi
0 upvotes
Map and Map Simplification
This blog explains the Karnaugh map (K-map) Boolean algebraic simplification approach. It also consists of a brief discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of K-maps.
Author Pranay Chauhan
1 upvote
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Addition MEDIUM
In this article, we will learn about Binary Coded Decimal Addition. We will dive deeper into the approach of BCD and its implementation in C++, Python, and Java.
Author Aman Srivastava
0 upvotes
Difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer EASY
Multiplexers and demultiplexers are combinational circuits. Multiplexers select an input from several inputs and then transmit it as a single line.
Author Sourabh
1 upvote
Difference Between TDM and FDM
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) works with both analog as well as digital signals whereas FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) only works with analog signals.
Author Sanjana kumari
1 upvote
Combinational Circuits Combinational circuits are designed using various combinations of logic gates. What distinguishes combinational circuits from others is that they have no memory and rely solely on the current input. Combinational circuits are an important component of larger circuits and systems. In the following section, you will learn everything there is to know about combinational circuits.
Sequential Circuits Sequential circuits are the inverse of combinational circuits in that they have memory and respond to both current and previous inputs. Similarly, they construct circuits for larger circuits and systems. Learn more about flip flops, counters, and registers, which are essential components of sequential circuits.

Digital Components

It is natural to come across various digital components while learning about computer architecture and its organization. These components are constructed using a variety of logical circuits and chipsets. These components carry out specific tasks such as memory storage, multiplying or dividing lines, and much more. This section will go over components such as encoders, decoders, multiplexers, RAM, and ROM.
Encoders
This article discusses an overview of an encoder and their types and their truth table, the boolean functions using different types of gates and their advantages and disadvantages.
Author Spider
1 upvote
Sampling Theorem MEDIUM
The sampling theorem plays an important role in digital signals and processing along with advanced control operations.
Author Nitika
0 upvotes
Seven Segment Display EASY
A seven segment display is an LED(light emitting diode) based display that can be used to show numbers or alphabets.
Author abhay_rathi2435
1 upvote
Multiplexers (MUX)
In this blog, we will learn about multiplexers and the types of multiplexers, along with their boolean expression and logic circuit.
Author Kashish Saxena
0 upvotes
What is Demultiplexer (DEMUX)? EASY
The objective of this article is to teach you what a Demultiplexer is and what several standard Demux configurations are there, along with the corresponding truth table and logic circuits.
Author Kashish Saxena
1 upvote
Registers
his blog will learn about Registers and their different types.
Author Tanay Kumar
2 upvotes
RAM and ROM
In this article, we will learn about different types of RAM and ROM.
Author Oblivion_007
2 upvotes
Difference between 8085 and 8086 Microprocessor EASY
The 8085 Microprocessor, created by Intel in 1976, preceded the 8086 Microprocessor. It utilized NMOS technology.
Author Nitika
0 upvotes
Difference Between EPROM and EEPROM
In this article, we will discuss the difference between EPROM and EEPROM. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory, EPROM, and EEPROM are types of ROM memory chips.
Author lakshayhere
2 upvotes
Difference Between Hard copy and Soft copy MEDIUM
A hard copy is a physical form of data, like printed documents or photos, while a soft copy is digital, stored on a computer or drive.
Author Lakshya Gupta
0 upvotes

Data Representation and Computer Arithmetic

Let's take a look at computer arithmetic and representation, which includes a number system, symbols, and various defined representations. Learn about the various operations performed at the machine level, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Different Number Systems and their Interconversion
This article discusses Number systems and their implementation. We talk about different types of number systems, their interconversion, and how they are meaningful in programming.
Author AbhayTrivedi
0 upvotes
Complements
In this article, we will learn about complement and its types.
Author brainstorming
0 upvotes
What is Checksum
This blog will discuss the topic of the Checksum, including the definition, working, sample example, and pros and cons.
Author Sagar Mishra
0 upvotes
Fixed and Floating-Point Representation MEDIUM
This article discusses fixed point and floating-point Representation with its examples, parts, advantages, and disadvantages.
Author Tanay Kumar
3 upvotes
Error Detection and Correction Code: Part 1
This blog covers the various error detection and correction code techniques in detail.
Author Hari Sapna Nair
2 upvotes
Error Detection and Correction Code: Part 2
This blog covers the various error detection and correction code techniques in detail.
Author Hari Sapna Nair
3 upvotes
Addition and Subtraction
In this article, we learned about the addition and subtraction of signed numbers. We have discussed two ways of addition and subtraction of signed numbers.
Author Pranay Chauhan
2 upvotes
Multiplication and Division EASY
The article discusses multiplication and division arithmetic operations and their hardware implementations and flowcharts of algorithms.
Author Apoorv Dixit
1 upvote

Register Transfer and Microoperations

Register transfers are important components in a digital circuit that are required when performing multiple operations at the same time. Learn about register transfer, micro-operations, bus-memory transfer, and logic shift in this section.
Bus and Memory Transfer MEDIUM
This article explains bus and memory transfer methods, including bus transfer using multiplexers and three-state buffers, as well as memory transfer through read-and-write operations.
Author HET FADIA
1 upvote
Arithmetic Micro Operations EASY
Arithmetic micro-operations are fundamental operations performed at the bit level within a computer's arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
Author Pakhi Garg
0 upvotes
Logic Micro Operations in Computer Architecture EASY
Logic micro operations are binary bitwise operations and these operations treat each and every bit individually.
Author Pakhi Garg
2 upvotes
Shift Micro-Operations in Computer Architecture MEDIUM
Shift micro-operations are used when the data is stored in registers. These micro-operations are used for the serial transmission of data.
Author Pakhi Garg
1 upvote

Computer Organization and Design

Another important aspect of designing a system or processing unit is computer organization. It is critical to place and configure system components in such a way that they operate at peak efficiency while consuming the least amount of storage. Learn about instruction cycles, interrupts, and control units in this section.
Difference between Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control Unit MEDIUM
This article will brief you on the topic of Control Unit, Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control in Computer Organization and Architecture.
Author Urwashi27
1 upvote
Instruction Cycle in Computer Architecture MEDIUM
The instruction cycle is defined as the basic cycle in which a computer system fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it, and then executes it.
Author Juhi Sinha
0 upvotes
ATM in Computer Network EASY
In this blog, we will learn about ATM in Computer Network. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Rinki Deka
0 upvotes
Instruction Codes in Computer Architecture MEDIUM
Instruction codes are bits that instruct the computer to execute a specific operation. An instruction comprises groups called fields.
Author AbhayTrivedi
2 upvotes
What is RAM? MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about What is RAM? We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Pallavi singh
0 upvotes
Secondary Storage Devices EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Secondary Storage Devices. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Ravi Khorwal
0 upvotes
Computer Instructions MEDIUM
This article will cover the three instruction code formats of Computer Instructions in Computer Organization and Architecture.
Author Urwashi27
0 upvotes
What is ROM? EASY
In this blog, we will learn about What is ROM. We will learn about the types, features, advantages, disadvantages and much more for better understanding.
Author Sinki Kumari
0 upvotes
Assembly Language EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Assembly Language. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Gaurav Gandhi
0 upvotes
Primary Memory EASY
In this blog, we will learn about Primary Memory. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Sanjana kumari
0 upvotes
What is a Server? MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about What is a Server. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Ravi Khorwal
0 upvotes
DHCP Dora Process EASY
In this blog, we will learn about DHCP Dora Process. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understandin
Author Pallavi singh
0 upvotes
Rotation in Computer Graphics MEDIUM
In this article, we will discuss the types of rotation, focus on 2D rotation, and learn how to implement rotation with the help of code examples.
Author Rinki Deka
0 upvotes
3rd Generation of Computer EASY
In this blog, we will learn about 3rd Generation of Computer. We will learn about its characteristics, features, and much more for better understanding.
Author Riya Singh
0 upvotes
Interrupt in Computer Architecture EASY
The word `interrupt` generally refers to stopping an ongoing process temporarily. The idea behind interrupts in computer architecture is very similar.
Author SHIKHAR_SONI
0 upvotes
Computer System MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about Computer Systems. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Rahul Singh
0 upvotes
First Generation of Computer MEDIUM
In this blog, we will learn about the First Generation of Computer. We will learn about its characteristics, features, and much more for better understanding.
Author Rahul Singh
0 upvotes
The Ackermann Function EASY
In this blog, we will learn about The Ackermann Function. We will understand its core concepts, its usage, and much more for better understanding.
Author Pallavi singh
0 upvotes
DHCP in Computer Networks MEDIUM
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a vital network protocol that enables automatic IP address assignment and other network configuration details to client devices on a network.
Author Pallavi singh
0 upvotes
Direct Memory Access EASY
DMA (Direct Memory Access) is a computer system feature that enables direct data transfer between memory and peripheral devices, like hard drives, without CPU intervention.
Author Muskan Gupta
4 upvotes
What is Middleware EASY
In this blog, we will learn about what is middleware. We will understand its core concepts and learn about its advantages and disadvantages and much more.
Author Rahul Singh
0 upvotes
Design of Basic Computer MEDIUM
In this article, we will discuss the design of a basic computer.
Author Oblivion_007
1 upvote
Fifth Generation of Computer EASY
In this article, we will discuss the 5th generation of computers that comprises advanced AI capabilities, parallel processing, advanced graphics, and other features.
Author Rahul Singh
0 upvotes
Characteristics of Embedded System EASY
Embedded systems are the backbone of present-day technologies. In this blog we will discuss characteristics of embedded system in detail. Read on to learn more.
Author Nitika
1 upvote
What Is a Motherboard? Definition, Types, Components, and Functions MEDIUM
A motherboard, also known as a mainboard or system board, is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer system.
Author Harsh Singh
0 upvotes
Difference Between Hardware and Software EASY
In this article, we will see Hardware and Software differences. We will also discuss Computer Hardware and Software and their examples.
Author Monika Yadav
0 upvotes

Microprogrammed Control

An alternative to a hardwired control unit is a microprogrammed control unit, in which the logic of the control unit is specified by a microprogram. A microprogram consists of a sequence of instructions in a microprogramming language. These are very simple instructions that specify micro-operations. Let's discuss different aspects of the Microprogrammed Control Unit in this section.
Microprogrammed Control Unit MEDIUM
Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU) is a component within a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that uses microcode to control and execute instructions. Click here to read more!
Author rjt_007
0 upvotes
Address Sequencing in Computer Architecture
In this blog, we will learn about Address Sequencing in Computer Architecture and how to perform Address sequencing.
Author rjt_007
0 upvotes
Microinstructions Format EASY
This article will brief you on the topic of microinstructions format in Computer Organization and Architecture.
Author Urwashi27
1 upvote
Microprogram Sequencer EASY
This article will brief you on the topic of Design of the Control Unit and Microprogram Sequencer in Computer Organization and Architecture.
Author Ravi Khorwal
0 upvotes

Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of any computer system. It is in charge of performing operations ranging from basic arithmetic to complex calculations and instructions. Learn about various data operations such as transfer manipulation and computer instruction sets in this section.
General Register Organization MEDIUM
This article will cover the concepts about general register organization and its role in the circuit.
Author Aditya kumar
2 upvotes
Stack Organization in Computer Architecture MEDIUM
The Last In First Out (LIFO) list is another name for stack. It is the CPU's most crucial feature. It saves information so that the last element saved is retrieved first.
Author Vibhor_376
0 upvotes
Data Transfer Instructions EASY
In this article, we will discuss about opcode, operand, types of computer instructions, data transfer instructions and typical data transfer instructions with their explanation.
Author Gaurav Gandhi
0 upvotes
Program Control Instructions EASY
Program control instructions modify or change the flow of a program. It is the instruction that alters the sequence of the program's execution.
Author Aryan Raj
1 upvote
RISC vs CISC EASY
Explore the RISC vs CISC architectures in our comprehensive article, delving into their distinct design philosophies and impact on modern computing.
Author rjt_007
0 upvotes

Pipeline and Vector Processing

A sophisticated computer system would need to perform multiple operations simultaneously, which is why the Pipeline technique is used. We can improve the system's overall performance by pipelining. Learn more about pipelining types, such as Arithmetic, Instruction, and RISC with vector processing.
Parallel Processing EASY
In this article, we will discuss parallel processing. We will see why it is used and its various advantages and disadvantages.
Author Jaglike Makkar
2 upvotes
Arithmetic Pipeline in Computer Architecture MEDIUM
An arithmetic pipeline in computer architecture is a technique to improve the performance of arithmetic operations by breaking them down into smaller stages that can be executed in parallel.
Author Riya
1 upvote
Instruction Pipeline
This article will discuss the 'Instruction Pipeline’.
Author Riya
1 upvote
RISC Pipeline
This article will discuss RISC Pipeline in detail.
Author yuvatimankar
1 upvote
Vector Processing
In this article, we will discuss about vector processing.
Author brainstorming
1 upvote
Array Processors
This blog covers the concept of array processors in computer architecture that perform computations on a vast array of data. Read more about the classification, configurations, usage, etc of array processors.
Author Sneha Mallik
2 upvotes

Input/Output Organization

Output and Input Organization is concerned with the interface between the computer's hardware and software. This includes peripheral devices, various types of data transfer, and an input-output processor with memory access.
Asynchronous Data Transfer MEDIUM
This blog will discuss Asynchronous data transfer in computer organization.
Author Tanay Kumar
2 upvotes
Modes of Transer - I/O interface (Programmed, interrupt, DMA) MEDIUM
This article discusses the different modes of transfer in computer architecture - I/O interface ( Programmed, Interrupt, DMA) with advantages, and disadvantages.
Author Kushleen Waraich
8 upvotes
Priority Encoder EASY
Priority Encoder is a combinational logic circuit that comprises 2n input lines and n output lines and depicts the high priority input between all the input lines.
Author Muskan Gupta
1 upvote
Input-Output Processor EASY
In this article, we will learn about the input-output processor, why it is used, and how it works.
Author Jaglike Makkar
2 upvotes

Memory Organization

Unstructured and disorganized memory will cause problems such as insufficient memory and allocation issues, so memory organization is critical. It is a necessary component of any digital device, including computers. Learn about memory organization methods and the various types of memory available for use in a computer in this section.
Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics MEDIUM
Memory hierarchy is the arrangement of various types of storage on a computer system based on access speed. Explore and learn more about memory hierarchy design and its characteristics
Author Soumya Agrawal
2 upvotes
What is Main Memory? EASY
The main memory of the computer is a crucial component in computer systems where data is temporarily stored for quick access by the CPU.
Author GAZAL ARORA
1 upvote
Virtual Memory
In this article, we will learn the concept of virtual memory and we'll look at the issues that led to the establishment of virtual memory in the first place.
Author Divyansh_4bb5
2 upvotes

Multiprocessors

What could be the next level of CPU processing? It is multiprocessing because it combines more than one CPU, making it a multiprocessor. These systems are powerful and capable of performing a variety of tasks as well as task management among processing units. In this section, you'll learn about CPU interconnection and architectures.
Introduction to Multiprocessor
This article discusses multiprocessors and their implementation. We talk about the characteristics of multiprocessors along with their applications and benefits.
Author AbhayTrivedi
0 upvotes
Interconnection Structures
This blog will learn about different Interconnection Structures in detail.
Author Tanay Kumar
2 upvotes
Difference Between Multicore and Multiprocessor System
In this article, we will learn about the Difference Between Multicore and Multiprocessor Systems in a detailed manner. We will also look into the characteristics of both.
Author Kanak Rana
0 upvotes
Cache Coherence
In this article, we will learn how to cache coherence.
Author brainstorming
0 upvotes