Types of Process Scheduler
Process Schedulers are classified into three types:
Long-Term Scheduler
A long-term scheduler determines which system should process programs. It uses CPU Scheduling to select and load programs into memory for execution. It manages the degree of multiprogramming and offers a balanced combination of jobs such as I/O bound and CPU bound.
A steady degree of multiprogramming indicates that the average rate of initialization and the average rate of process departure from the system are equal. Many systems, such as time-sharing operating systems, do not have a long-term scheduler since it is only necessary when a process transitions from new to ready.
Medium-Term Scheduler
Medium-term scheduling, which is part of swapping, removes programs from memory. It lowers the amount of multiprogramming and handles the switched-out processes. For enhancing the process mix, swapping is required.
When a current process makes an I/O request, it is suspended, which cannot be performed. As a result, the suspended process is transferred to secondary storage to free up memory for other operations. This is known as switching, and the act of swapping is referred to as switched out or rolled out.
Short-Term Scheduler
A short-term scheduler, often known as a CPU scheduler, boosts system performance based on a predefined set of parameters. This is the process's transition from the ready state to the operating state.
It chooses one of the many processes ready to be executed and assigns the CPU to one of them. It is speedier than long-term schedulers, and it is also known as a dispatcher since it decides which process will be run next.
Process Queues
All PCBs are kept in Process Queues by the OS. The OS has a distinct queue for each process state, and all PCBs in the same execution state are put in the same Process queue. When a process's status changes, its PCB is unbound from the current queue and transferred to the new state queue.
The Operating System manages the following queues:
1. Job Queue: All processes are placed in the work queue at the start. It's kept in backup storage. The long-term scheduler chose a handful of the jobs and placed them in primary storage.
2. Ready Queue: The ready queue is kept in primary memory. We select the job for processing from the ready queue using the short-term scheduler, then dispatch it to the CPU.
3. Waiting Time: If the process in the ready queue requires some actions, such as input/output operations, to complete its execution, the operating system must alter the process status from running to waiting. The context (Program Control Block) is saved in the waiting queue, which the CPU will use after the IO is complete.
Read about Batch Operating System here.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Process Scheduling in the Operating system?
Process scheduling is the process management activity that manages to remove a running process from the CPU and choose another process based on a particular strategy.
What is a CPU Scheduler?
A short-term scheduler, often known as a CPU scheduler, chooses one of the many processes ready to be executed and assigns the CPU to one of them. It is speedier than long-term schedulers, and it is also known as a dispatcher since it decides which process will be run next.
What does Device Queue consist of?
The device queue comprises stalled processes because an I/O device is unavailable.
What is Preemptive Scheduling?
The operating system provides resources to a process for a set period in preemptive scheduling. During the allocation of resources, the process transitions from running to ready or from waiting to ready.
Conclusion
This article extensively discussed Process Queues, types and working of Process Queues, and implementation of Process Queues in Process Scheduling of Operating systems.
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