SDE - 1

You have been given an array/list 'ARR' of integers. Your task is to find the second largest element present in the 'ARR'.

Note:

a) Duplicate elements may be present.

b) If no such element is present return -1.

Example:

Input: Given a sequence of five numbers 2, 4, 5, 6, 8.

Output:  6

Explanation:
In the given sequence of numbers, number 8 is the largest element, followed by number 6 which is the second-largest element. Hence we return number 6 which is the second-largest element in the sequence.

Ninja wants to build a number pattern.

Example For ‘N’ = 4 

Pattern:

4444
3444
2344
1234

Your task is to make a program that prints a similar pattern for a given 'N'.

You are given a binary string ‘STR’, containing only zeroes and ones.

Your task is to determine the total number of substrings having only ones.

You are given an arbitrary binary tree, a node of the tree, and an integer 'K'. You need to find all such nodes which have a distance K from the given node and return the list of these nodes.

Distance between two nodes in a binary tree is defined as the number of connections/edges in the path between the two nodes.

Note:

1. A binary tree is a tree in which each node has at most two children. 
2. The given tree will be non-empty.
3. The given tree can have multiple nodes with the same value.
4. If there are no nodes in the tree which are at distance = K from the given node, return an empty list.
5. You can return the list of values of valid nodes in any order. For example if the valid nodes have values 1,2,3, then you can return {1,2,3} or {3,1,2} etc.

Example :

Consider this tree above. The target node is 5 and K = 3. The nodes at distance 1 from node 5 are {2}, nodes at distance 2 from node 5 are {1, 4} and nodes at distance 3 from node 5 are {6, 3}.

You are given two positive integers ‘L’ and ‘R’. Find all the Stepping Numbers in the range [L, R].

A positive integer is called a Stepping Number if the adjacent digits have a difference of 1. For example, 121 is a Stepping Number because |1-2| = 1 and |2 -1| = 1. All single-digit integers will also be considered as Stepping Numbers.

You should return a list of Stepping Numbers between ‘L’ and ‘R’ (inclusive) in the increasing order.

For Example:

Consider L = 10, R = 13.
Then, all integers in range [10, 13] are 10, 11, 12, 13.
We can say, that 10 is a stepping number because |1 - 0| = 1.

11 is not a stepping number because |1 - 1| = 0. 

12 is a stepping number because |1 - 2| = 1.

13 is not a stepping number because |1 - 3| = 2.  

Thus, we should return a list [10, 12].

You are given two arbitrary rectangles on a 2-D coordinate plane, which may have an intersecting area. You have to find the net area covered by both the rectangles on the cartesian plane.

The orange area depicted in the above figure is the net area covered by both rectangles on the cartesian plane.

Note:

1. For a rectangle, its top left and bottom right coordinates are given.

2. Coordinates of the rectangles are integer values.

3. Edges of the given rectangles will always be parallel to the X and Y coordinate axes of the cartesian plane.

4. It is guaranteed that both the rectangles will have at least a unit area.