SDE - 1

1. The C programming language is a procedural language type while C++ is an object-oriented programming language type.
2. C programming follows a top to down programming approach that focuses on the steps rather than the data. C++ follows a bottom-to-top approach that focuses on data rather than the overall procedure.
3. Since C is a structured programming language the program is divided into separate blocks known as functions. Since C++ is an object-oriented programming language, the code is divided into Objects and Classes.

1) An array is a collection of elements of a similar data type. A linked list is a collection of objects known as a node where node consists of two parts, i.e., data and address.

2) Array elements store in a contiguous memory location. Linked list elements can be stored anywhere in the memory or randomly stored.

3) Array works with a static memory. Here static memory means that the memory size is fixed and cannot be changed at the run time. The Linked list works with dynamic memory. Here, dynamic memory means that the memory size can be changed at the run time according to our requirements.

4) Array elements are independent of each other. Linked list elements are dependent on each other. As each node contains the address of the next node so to access the next node, we need to access its previous node.

5) Array takes more time while performing any operation like insertion, deletion, etc. Linked list takes less time while performing any operation like insertion, deletion, etc.

TCP/IP model was designed and developed by Department of Defense (DoD) in 1960s and is based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike seven layers in the OSI model. The layers are:
Process/Application Layer : This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation and Session Layer. It is responsible for node-to-node communication and controls user-interface specifications. Some of the protocols present in this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD

Host-to-Host/Transport Layer : This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of data. It shields the upper-layer applications from the complexities of data. The two main protocols present in this layer are :

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It is known to provide reliable and error-free communication between end systems. It performs sequencing and segmentation of data. It also has acknowledgment feature and controls the flow of the data through flow control mechanism. It is a very effective protocol but has a lot of overhead due to such features. Increased overhead leads to increased cost.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – On the other hand does not provide any such features. It is the go-to protocol if your application does not require reliable transport as it is very cost-effective. Unlike TCP, which is connection-oriented protocol, UDP is connectionless.

Internet Layer : This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the protocols which are responsible for logical transmission of data over the entire network. The main protocols residing at this layer are :

IP – stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for delivering packets from the source host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers. IP has 2 versions:
IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the one that most of the websites are using currently. But IPv6 is growing as the number of IPv4 addresses are limited in number when compared to the number of users.
ICMP – stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is encapsulated within IP datagrams and is responsible for providing hosts with information about network problems.
ARP – stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Its job is to find the hardware address of a host from a known IP address. ARP has several types: Reverse ARP, Proxy ARP, Gratuitous ARP and Inverse ARP.

Network Access/Link Layer : This layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link Layer and Physical Layer of the OSI model. It looks out for hardware addressing and the protocols present in this layer allows for the physical transmission of data.

A program counter (PC) is a CPU register in the computer processor which has the address of the next instruction to be executed from memory. It is a digital counter needed for faster execution of tasks as well as for tracking the current execution point. A program counter is also known as an instruction counter, instruction pointer, instruction address register or sequence control register.

This can be done by iterative swapping using two pointers. The first pointer points to the beginning of the string, whereas the second pointer points to the end. Both pointers keep swapping their elements and go towards each other. Essentially, the algorithm simulates the rotation of a string with respect to its midpoint.
Time Complexity : O(n)

SELECT * FROM TABLE_A A
INNER JOIN TABLE_B B
ON A. Common_COLUMN =B. Common_COLUMN

Tip 1 : The cross questioning can go intense some time, think before you speak.

Tip 2 : Be open minded and answer whatever you are thinking, in these rounds I feel it is important to have opinion.

Tip 3 : Context of questions can be switched, pay attention to the details. It is okay to ask questions in these round, like what are the projects currently the company is investing, which team you are mentoring. How all is the work environment etc.