Backend Developer

1. Data Integrity: Ensures that the data is accurate and consistent.
Data Security: Provides controlled access to sensitive data by setting permissions for different users.
Efficient Data Retrieval: Optimizes queries and indexing, allowing faster data retrieval.

Reduced Redundancy: Avoids duplicate data by enforcing normalization.
Backup and Recovery: Offers automatic backup and recovery mechanisms.
Concurrent Access: Allows multiple users to access the database at the same time without conflicts.

2. Rows (Tuples): A row represents a single record or entity. Each row contains values for each attribute (column).
Columns : A column represents a property or characteristic of the entity. Each column has a data type, such as integer, string,
 

3. Normalization is the process of organizing data in a way that reduces redundancy and dependency. It involves dividing large tables into smaller ones and defining relationships between them to ensure data integrity.
Importance:
Eliminates redundant data.
Prevents anomalies during data operations (insertion, update, deletion).
Improves data integrity and consistency.
 

4. A schema in DBMS is the structure that defines the organization of data in a database. It includes tables, views, relationships, and other elements. A schema defines the tables and their columns, along with the constraints, keys, and relationships.

5. An index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table. It works like a table of contents in a book, allowing the database to quickly find the location of a record based on a column value.

1. A process is an instance of a program in execution. For example, a Web Browser is a process, and a shell (or command prompt) is a process. The operating system is responsible for managing all the processes that are running on a computer and allocates each process a certain amount of time to use the processor. In addition, the operating system also allocates various other resources that processes will need, such as computer memory or disks. To keep track of the state of all the processes, the operating system maintains a table known as the process table. Inside this table, every process is listed along with the resources the process is using and the current state of the process.

2. Thrashing is a situation in which the performance of a computer degrades or collapses. Thrashing occurs when a system spends more time processing page faults than executing transactions. While processing page faults is necessary in order to appreciate the benefits of virtual memory, thrashing has a negative effect on the system. As the page fault rate increases, more transactions need processing from the paging device. The queue at the paging device increases, resulting in increased service time for a page fault.

3. creates an illusion that each user has one or more contiguous address spaces, each beginning at address zero. The sizes of such virtual address spaces are generally very high. The idea of virtual memory is to use disk space to extend the RAM. Running processes don't need to care whether the memory is from RAM or disk. The illusion of such a large amount of memory is created by subdividing the virtual memory into smaller pieces, which can be loaded into physical memory whenever they are needed by a process.

4. A kernel is the central component of an operating system that manages the operations of computers and hardware. It basically manages operations of memory and CPU time. It is a core component of an operating system. Kernel acts as a bridge between applications and data processing performed at the hardware level using inter-process communication and system calls.