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If the given string is S = "abcba", then the possible substrings are "abc" and "cba". As "abc" starts with a lower index (i.e. 0, "cba" start with index 2), we will print "abc" as our shortest substring that contains all characters of 'S'.
Used Hashmap and used extra space of set.


The width of each bar is the same and is equal to 1.
Input: ‘n’ = 6, ‘arr’ = [3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 4].
Output: 10
Explanation: Refer to the image for better comprehension:

You don't need to print anything. It has already been taken care of. Just implement the given function.
You have been given a long type array/list 'ARR' of size 'N'. It represents an elevation map wherein 'ARR[i]' denotes the elevation of the 'ith' bar. Print the total amount of rainwater that can be trapped in these elevations.
Explain different levels of data abstraction in a DBMS.
Physical Level: it is the lowest level and is managed by DBMS. This level consists of data storage descriptions and the details of this level are typically hidden from system admins, developers, and users.
Conceptual or Logical level: it is the level on which developers and system admins work and it determines what data is stored in the database and what is the relationship between the data points.
External or View level: it is the level that describes only part of the database and hides the details of the table schema and its physical storage from the users. The result of a query is an example of View level data abstraction. A view is a virtual table created by selecting fields from one or more tables present in the database
Explain the difference between intension and extension in a database.
Intension: Intension or popularly known as database schema is used to define the description of the database and is specified during the design of the database and mostly remains unchanged.
Extension: Extension on the other hand is the measure of the number of tuples present in the database at any given point in time. The extension of a database is also referred to as the snapshot of the database and its value keeps changing as and when the tuples are created, updated, or destroyed in a database

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What is recursion?