System Engineer

Given 'N' number of intervals, where each interval contains two integers denoting the boundaries of the interval. The task is to merge all the overlapping intervals and return the list of merged intervals sorted in ascending order.

Two intervals will be considered to be overlapping if the starting integer of one interval is less than or equal to the finishing integer of another interval, and greater than or equal to the starting integer of that interval.

Example:

for the given 5 intervals - [1,4], [3,5], [6,8], [10,12], [8,9].
Since intervals [1,4] and [3,5] overlap with each other, we will merge them into a single interval as [1,5].

Similarly [6,8] and [8,9] overlaps, we merge them into [6,9].

Interval [10,12] does not overlap with any interval.

Final List after merging overlapping intervals: [1,5], [6,9], [10,12]

You have been given a sorted (lexical order) dictionary of an alien language.

Write a function that returns the order of characters as a string in the alien language. This dictionary will be given to you as an array of strings called 'dictionary', of size 'N'.

Example :

If the dictionary consists of the following words:-
["caa", "aaa", "aab"], and 'K' is 3.

Then, the order of the alphabet is -
['c', 'a', 'b']

Note:

If the language consists of four letters, the four letters should be the starting four letters of the English language. 

However, their order might differ in the alien language.

Design a data structure that stores a mapping of a key to a given value and supports the following operations in constant time.

1. INSERT(key, value): Inserts an integer value to the data structure against a string type key if not already present. If already present, it updates the value of the key with the new one. This function will not return anything.

2. DELETE(key): Removes the key from the data structure if present. It doesn't return anything.

3. SEARCH(key): It searches for the key in the data structure. In case it is present, return true. Otherwise, return false.

4. GET(key): It returns the integer value stored against the given key. If the key is not present, return -1. 

5. GET_SIZE(): It returns an integer value denoting the size of the data structure. 

6. IS_EMPTY(): It returns a boolean value, denoting whether the data structure is empty or not. 

Note :

1. Key is always a string value.
2. Value can never be -1.

Operations Performed :

First(Denoted by integer value 1):  Insertion to the Data Structure. It is done in a pair of (key, value).

Second(Denoted by integer value 2):  Deletion of a key from the Data Structure.

Third(Denoted by integer value 3): Search a given key in the Data Structure.

Fourth(Denoted by integer value 4): Retrieve the value for a given key from the Data Structure.

Fifth(Denoted by integer value 5): Retrieve the size of the Data Structure.

Sixth(Denoted by integer value 6): Retrieve whether the Data Structure is empty or not.

You are given a string 'STR'. You have to convert the first alphabet of each word in a string to UPPER CASE.

For example:

If the given string 'STR' = ”I am a student of the third year” so you have to transform this string to ”I Am A Student Of The Third Year"

Note:

'STR' will contains only space and alphabets both uppercase and lowercase. The words will be separated by space.

There are ‘N’ houses in a village. Ninja wants to supply water for all the houses by building wells and laying pipes.

For each house ‘i’, we can either build a well inside it directly with cost ‘WELLS[i]’, or pipe in water from another well to it. The total cost to lay pipes between houses is given by the array ‘PIPES’, where ‘PIPES[i]’ = ‘[HOUSE1, HOUSE2, COST]’ and the ‘COST’ represent the total cost connect ‘HOUSE1’ and ‘HOUSE2’ together using a pipe.

Note: Given all the connections are bidirectional.

For Example:

For ‘N’ = 3, ‘WELLS[]’ = ‘[1,2,2]’, ‘PIPES[]’ = [ [1, 2, 1], [2 , 3, 1]]. The image shows the costs of connecting houses using pipes. The best strategy is to build a well in the first house with cost 1 and connect the other houses to it with cost 2 so the total cost is 3.

Ninja wants to find out the minimum total cost to supply water to all houses in the village. Can you help the Ninja to find out this minimum cost?