Request Data in Bottle Web Framework

FORMSDICT

Bottle stores cookies and forms data in a unique kind of dictionary. Although FormsDict in Request Data in Bottle Web Framework offers several extra features to make your things easier, it functions like a typical dictionary.

These virtual attributes always return Unicode strings even if a value is missing or Unicode decoding fails. In that scenario, however empty, the string is still present:

your_name = request.cookies.name
# above is a shortcut for:
your_name = request.cookies.getunicode('your_name') # encoding='utf-8' (default)

# which does this stuff:
try:
   your_name = request.cookies.get('your_name', '').decode('utf-8')
except UnicodeError:
   your_name = u''

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In continuation with Request Data in Bottle Web Framework,

FormsDict, is a subclass of MultiDict, while Request Data in Bottle Web Framework can store several values for each key. The getall() method returns a (potentially empty) list of all values for a given key, while the usual dictionary access methods only return a single value in Request Data in Bottle Web Framework:

for choices in request.forms.getall('multiple_choice'):
   do_something(choices)

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COOKIES🍪

In Request Data in Bottle Web Framework, cookies are text files sent to the server with each request and saved in the client's browser. Although they help maintain certain states across multiple requests (HTTP is stateless), they shouldn't be used for security-related issues.

Through BaseRequest.cookies in Request Data in Bottle Web Framework, the client can access all cookies that were sent (a FormsDict). Here is an example of a straightforward cookie-based view counter:

from bottle import route, request, response
@route('/counter')
#fucmtion for counting
def counter():
   counting = int( request.cookies.get('counter', '0') )
   counting += 1
   response.set_cookie('counter', str(counting))
   return 'You visited this page %d times' % counting

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To access cookies differently, use the BaseRequest.get cookie() method Request Data in Bottle Web Framework. The decoding of signed cookies is supported but not included in this discussion.

HTTP HEADERS

The BaseRequest.headers property provides access to all HTTP headers sent by the client (such as Referer, Agent, and Accept-Language), which are all kept in a WSGIHeaderDict. A WSGIHeaderDict is essentially a dictionary with keys that are not case-sensitive:

from bottle import route, request
@route('/is_ajax')
def is_ajax():
   if request.headers.get('X-Requested-With') == 'XMLHttpRequest':
       return 'This is an AJAX request.'
   else:
       return 'This is a normal request.'

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The query string is frequently used to send a few key/value pairs to the server (e.g., /forum?id=1&page=5). These values can be accessed using the BaseRequest.query attribute (a FormsDict), and the entire string can be obtained using the BaseRequest.query string attribute.

from bottle import route, request, response, template
@route('/forum')
def display_forum():
   frm_id = request.query.id
   pge = request.query.page or '1'
   return template('Forum ID: {{id}} (page {{page}})', id=frm_id, page=pge)

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HTML FORM HANDLING📝

Let us start from the beginning. In HTML, a typical <form> looks something like this:

<form action=”/login”>
   Username: <input name="username" type="text" />
   Password: <input name="password" type="password" />
   <input value="Login" type="submit" />
</form>

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The action attribute specifies the URL that will receive the form data. The HTTP method is specified by method (GET or POST). The form values are added to the URL when method="get" is specified and are accessible via BaseRequest.query as previously mentioned. We use the method="post" here because this is considered unsafe and has additional restrictions. Use POST forms if you're unsure. To understand the Request Data in Bottle Web Framework.

Form fields transmitted via POST are stored in BaseRequest.forms as a FormsDict. The server-side code may look like this:

from bottle import route, request


@route('/login')
def login():
   return '''
       <form action="/login" method="post">
           Username: <input name="username" type="text" />
           Password: <input name="password" type="password" />
           <input value="Login" type="submit" />
       </form>
   '''


@route('/login', method='POST')
def do_login():
   username = request.forms.get('username')
   password = request.forms.get('password')
   if check_login(username, password):
       return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>"
   else:
       return "<p>Login failed.</p>"

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To access form data, additional properties are also needed. For simpler access, some of them aggregate values from various sources. The table that follows should provide you with a good overview.

WSGI ENVIRONMENT

A WSGI environment dictionary is wrapped in each BaseRequest instance. Although the original is kept in BaseRequest.environ, the request object itself also functions like a dictionary. In Request Data in Bottle Web Framework, Most useful data is made available through unique methods or attributes. However, if you wish to directly access WSGI environ variables in Request Data in Bottle Web Framework, you can do so as follows:

@route('/my_ip')
def show_ip():
   ip = request.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
   # or ip = request.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
   # or ip = request['REMOTE_ADDR']
   return template("Your IP is: {{ip}}", ip=ip)

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Frequently Asked Questions

What do you understand about the bottle web framework?

The bottle is a Python WSGI micro web framework that is quick, easy, and lightweight. It is supplied as a single file module and only requires the Python Standard Library as a dependency.

Describe Django and the Bottle.

Model-template-view (MTV) is the basis for its design. It includes many tools that application developers require, including an ORM framework, admin panel, directory structure, and more.

What does WSGI stand for?

The Web Server Gateway Interface (pronounced whiskey or WIZ-ghee) is a straightforward calling standard used by web servers to route requests to web applications or frameworks created in the Python programming language.

Is Apache a WSGI?

A Python application is embedded within the Apache HTTP Server using the mod WSGI module, which enables communication via the Python WSGI interface as specified in Python PEP 333. One Python method for creating high-quality, high-performance web apps is WSGI.

What is Falcon for Python?

Falcon is a dependable, high-performance Python web framework for creating microservices and the backends of large-scale applications. It supports the REST architectural movement and strives to be as efficient as possible by doing the bare minimum.

Conclusion

In this article, we have extensively discussed the Request Data in Bottle Web Framework.

To learn more about  Bottle Web Framework, see Bottle Documentation, Bottle, and Python Frameworks.

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